Exploring Ballast Water Management in Taiwan Using the PSR Conceptual Model Based on Stakeholders’ Perspectives

Accidental introduction of nonindigenous aquatic species (NIAS) is usually mediated by shipping through ballast water. Ballast water management plans are being developed and implemented around the world to prevent spread NIAS. However, for marine environmental management, incorporating stakeholders’ perceptions into designing formulating key achieving successful implementation. This study used qualitative interviews grounded theory induce influencing factors conceptual model on (BWM) issues. The interplay pressure–state–response based was established elaborate perceptions. results indicated that local required comprehensive port state control (PSC) technical competency development. Second, an international commercial can be as a demonstration area demonstrate effectiveness potential benefits BWM implementation due its link with networks. Moreover, legislation, surveying/monitoring, institutional capacity outreach/education four fundamentals bio-invasion management. Initiating measures part aims enhance pollution capacity, especially in field